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1.
Ancient Peoples Come to a) Ice Age (1) 22,000 years ago (2)
b) Hunting and Gathering (1) Nomadic (2) Big Game Hunters (a) Woolly Mammoth (3) Ice Age Ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago (a) Travel by foot ceased (4) Over time they switched to smaller game, fishing and gathering (5)
Some groups stayed in (a) Developed ways of life to suit their surroundings c) Agriculture Develops (1) 5,000 to 10,000 years ago (2)
(3) Corn and then other crops (4)
Eventually techniques spread throughout the (5) Changes (a) Allowed groups to stay in one place (b) Able to develop other skills (c) Complex societies emerged (6) Some groups remained Nomadic 2.
Complex Societies Flourish in the a) 3,000 years ago b) Diverse c)
Empires of Middle and (1) Olmec (a) 1200 B.C. (b)
Rain Forest along the Coast of the (c) Thriving Civilization (d) Mysterious collapse around 400 B.C. (2) Maya (a) 250 to 900 A.D. (b)
(3) Aztec (a) 1200 A.D. (b)
(4) Inca (a) 1200 A.D. (b)
2500 miles along the mountainous western coast of (5) Achievements rivaled those of other ancient cultures in other parts of the world (a) Great cities, ceremonial centers with huge palaces, temple-topped pyramids, and central plazas (b) Forms of writing to record histories d)
(1) 3000 years ago (2) North American groups introduced crops into the deserts of the southwest (a) Later, between 300 B.C. and 1400 A.D., they established civilizations (b) Hohokam (i)
In the valleys of the Salt and Gila rivers in what is now central (c) Anasazi (i)
e) Mound Builders (1)
East of the (2) Excelled at trade and building (3) Huge burial mounds (4)
Adena, B. North American Societies Around 1492 1. Native Americans Live in Diverse Societies a) Environment dictated way of life b)
(1) Kashaya Pomo (a) South (b) Hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets (2) Yurok and Hupa (a) North (b) Searched the forests for acorns and fished in mountain streams c)
(1) Sea was of prime importance (a) Collected shellfish from the beaches and hunted the ocean for whales, sea otters, and seals (2) Kwakiutl (a) Totems (i) Symbols of the ancestral spirits that guided each family (ii) Found on masks and boats (iii) Poles displayed family histories (iv) Announced family wealth and status (b) Cedar plank houses (c) Potlatches (i) Elaborate ceremonies in which families gave away large quantities of their possessions (ii) Family reputation depended on size (3) Nootka and Haida d) Southwest (1) Descendants of the Hohokam and Anasazi (2)
(a) By 1300 they had left the cliff houses (b)
(c) Hopi continued to live near the cliffs and developed irrigation systems (d) Multistory houses made of adobe or stone (e) Grew corn, beans, melons and squash (f) Underground kivas, or ceremonial chambers, for religious ceremonies and councils e) Eastern Woodlands (1) Hardwood forests (2) Built villages in forest clearings (3) Blended agriculture with hunting and gathering (4) Traveled by foot or canoe (5) Woodworkers (6) Iroquois (7) Peoples differed from one another in their languages, customs, and environments 2. Native Americans Share Cultural Patterns a) Trading Networks (1) One of the biggest factors in bringing peoples into contact with one another (2) Settlements became known for specific products or skills (3) Elaborate transcontinental trading network enabled one group to trade with another without direct contact b) Land Use (1) Regarded land as a source of life and not a commodity to be sold (2) Attitude led to many clashes with the Europeans (3) Disturbed the land for only the most important activities such as food gathering or farming c) Religious Beliefs (1) Thought of the natural world as being filled with spirits (2) Past generations remained alive to guide the living (3) Every object possessed a voice that might be heard if one listened closely d) Social Organization (1) Bonds of kinship ensured the continuation of tribal customs (a) Elders taught the young and the young honored the elders and their departed ancestors (2) Some societies were matriarchal and some were patriarchal (3) Division of labor formed the basis of social order (4) Basic unit of organization was the family (a) Often extended C. West African Societies Around 1492 1.
a)
The (1)
Well established trading network that connected most of (2) Islam (a)
Founded in 622 by Muhammad in (b)
Spread by traders quickly across the (c) By the 1200s it had been embraced by some West African leaders (d) Did not yet have much influence over the daily lives and religious practices of most West Africans in the late 1400s b) The Portuguese Arrive (1)
Peoples of (2) Portuguese mariners began to make trading contacts along the West African coast (3) Began to establish trading outposts (4) Two significant consequences of these early contacts (a)
Bypassed the old trade routes across the (b) Began the European trade in West African slaves (i) Established successful sugar plantations on two islands off the African coast in the 1480s and began to use African slave labor (a)
Provided a model that would be reproduced on a larger scale in the
2. Three African Kingdoms Flourish a)
(1)
Located mostly in the savanna, region of dry grassland, on the edge of the (2) Succession of empires from 600 to 1600 gained power and wealth by controlling the trans-Sahara trade (a)
First (b)
(3) Rulers taxed goods that passed through their realms and used their enormous wealth to (a) Raise large armies and conquer new territories (b) Build cities and administer laws (c) Support the arts and education (4)
Power extended across much of (5) Great leaders (a) Sunni Ali (b) Askia Muhammad b)
(1) Located around the Niger Delta in the rain forest in the 1400s (2)
Rain forest protected them from invasion but still allowed access
for trade with (3) Highly organized government in which districts were governed by appointed chiefs (4) Master metalworkers (5) Great leader (a) Ewuare c) Kongo (1)
Located in West Central Africa on the lower (2) Series of small kingdoms ruled by a single leader called the Manikongo (a) Held kingdoms together by a system of royal marriages, taxes, and sometimes war and tribute (3) People known as Bakongo (a) Mined iron ore and produced well wrought tools and weapons (4) Portuguese struck by the similarities between Kongo and their own world 3. West African Culture a) Family and Government (1) Family lineage formed the basis of most aspects of life (2) Within the families age carried rank (a) Elders represented families in meetings with other families b) Religion (1) Important in all aspects of life (2) Political leaders claimed authority based on religion (3) Rituals were central to daily activities (4) Believed in many spirits with one creator c) Livelihood (1) Supported themselves by farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, and trading (2) Believed in collective ownership of land (3)
Along the d) Use of Slave Labor (1) People not born into it (2) A variety of ways to get out of it D. European Societies Around 1492 1. The European Social Order a)
The Social Hierarchy (1) Small minority of monarchs and nobles at the top held most of the wealth and power (2) Majority were peasants who labored for the nobility (3) Very little social movement (4) One group that did experience social mobility was composed of artisans and merchants b) The Family in Society (1) Extended family not as important as in Native American and African societies (2) Life centered around the nuclear family 2. Christianity Shapes the European Outlook a) Roman Catholic Church was dominant (1) Also hierarchical (a) The pope and bishops determined matters of faith (b) Priests interacted with the people (2) Belief in the call to convert people of other faiths b) Crusading Christianity (1)
(a)
A united (2) The Crusades (a)
A series of military expeditions to the (b) 1096 – 1270 (c)
Christian armies from all over western Europe responded to the
church’s call to force the Muslims out of the (d)
Failed to rescue the (i)
Sparked an increase in trade as crusaders returned home with a new
taste for products from (ii) Weakened the power of European nobles who either died or lost their fortunes, allowing the monarchs to consolidate their own power. Eventually monarchs sponsored overseas exploration in order to increase their wealth and power c) Decline in Church Authority (1) A third long term consequence of the Crusades (2) Power struggles with European kings in the 1300s and 1400s (3) Reformation (a) Divided Christianity between Catholicism and Protestantism (b)
Deepened rivalries between European nations and sent newly formed
Protestant sects across the 3.
Changes Come to a) The Growth of Commerce and Population (1)
Crusades opened up trade routes with (2) Merchants got wealthy and rose in power b) The Rise of Nations (1) Monarchs began exerting more control over their lands by collecting new taxes, raising professional armies, and strengthening central governments (2) Merchants paid taxes in exchange for protection or expansion of trade (3) Monarchs encouraged exploration in order to gain wealth to maintain their armies and bureaucracies (4)
c) The Renaissance (1) Encouraged people to regard themselves as individuals, to have confidence in human capabilities, and to look forward to the fame their achievements might bring (2) Prompted many to seek glory through adventure, discovery, and conquest 4.
a)
Alternate Trade Routes to b) Sailing Technology (1) Allowed ships to sail in the open seas c)
(1) Prince Henry the Navigator (a) Established a sailing school (b) Sponsored the earliest voyages (c)
West coast of (d) In power nearly 40 years (2)
Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of (3)
Vasco da Gama reached 1.
a)
Italian Gets Backing from (1)
Believed there was a western route to (2) Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor him (3)
Nina, Pinta, and (4)
Left from b) First Encounters (1)
Land spotted from the Pinta on (2) Encountered the Taino (“noble ones”) (3)
Renamed the island c) Gold, Land, and Religion (1) Search for gold was one of the main reasons for the voyage (2)
When gold was not found in (3) Planted a cross on all lands he discovered and promised to assert Christian domination d) Spanish Footholds (1)
(a) Named the people Indians (2)
(3) Colonized lands they found 2. The Impact on Native Americans a) Methods of Colonization (1)
(2) Use of Forced Labor (3) Use of European weapons to dominate a people with less sophisticated weaponry b) Resistance and Conquest (1) Some groups resisted but were quickly crushed c) Disease Ravages the Native Americans (1) Lacked immunity to European diseases and hundreds of thousands of them died 3. The Slave Trade Begins a) A New Slave Labor Force (1) Disease created a labor shortage (2) Africans seen as superior laborers (3) African slavery became an essential part of the European-American economic system b) African Losses (1) Devastated many African societies (2)
Ultimately drained 4. The Impact on Europeans a) The Columbian Exchange (1)
Global transfer of living things between (2) Continues today b) National Rivalries (1)
(2)
Treaty of Tordesillas (a) Negotiated by the Pope (b)
Divided (c) Impossible to enforce (d) Only lasting effect was to give Portugal Brazil 5. A New Society is Born a)
Story of the |
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