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Table of Contents
- Case
- Roles
- Nine justices
- Eight lawyers
- Two reporters
- Assignments
- Each justice will research all aspects of the case, read briefs, listen to arguments from each side,
ask questions of the lawyers during oral arguments, briefly discuss
the case, and write a formal opinion.
- Each lawyer will research various aspects of the case, write a
brief supporting his or her position, and argue that position before
the court.
- The reporters will research all aspects of the case, observe the
oral arguments, and write an article about the case after
the opinions have been written.
- Activities and Dates
- February 24 & 25 - Research
- February 26 - Briefs Due
- February 27 and 28 - Oral Arguments
- March 3 - Opinions Due
- March 4 - Article Due
- 1619
- 1789
- 1791
- 1800
- 1831
- 1838
- 1848
- First
Women's Rights Convention meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y., hears Elizabeth
Cady Stanton proposes a constitutional amendment giving women the
right to vote.
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo cedes Arizona, Texas, California, New
Mexico, Colorado and parts of Utah and Nevada to the United States for
$15 million. Article IX guarantees Mexican -origin people "the
enjoyment of all the rights of the citizens of the United States
according to the principles of the constitution."
- 1852
- 1857
- 1860
- 1861
- 1863
- 1865
- 1866
- 1868
- 1870
- Fifteenth
Amendment ratified.
- The first "Jim
Crow" or segregation law is passed in Tennessee mandating the
separation of African Americans from whites on trains, in depots and
wharves.
- In Wyoming Mrs. Louisa Swain becomes the first woman to cast a legal
ballot, in the nation.
- The Rev. Hiram R. Revels (R-MISS) and Joseph H. Rainey (R-S.C.) become
first African Americans to sit in Congress.
- Union Pacific announces it will hire Chinese laborers at $32.50 a
month rather than pay whites $52.
- 1876
- Battle
of Little Big Horn is an outgrowth of continued U.S. violation of
the 1868 Fort
Laramie Treaty as white settlers flock to the sacred Black Hills
seeking gold.
- Congress passes the first Civil
Rights Act, guaranteeing African Americans equal rights in
transportation, restaurant/inns, theaters and on juries.
- 1877
- With the election of Rutherford
B. Hayes as President, Reconstruction is brought to an end and most
federal troops are withdrawn from the South while those remaining do
nothing to protect the rights of African Americans. The return of
"home rule" to the former secessionist states also means the
restoration of white supremacy and the beginning of the
disenfranchisement and segregation of African Americans.
- 1882
- Over the veto of President
Chester Arthur, Congress passes the Chinese
Exclusion Act restricting the immigration of all Chinese laborers
for 10 years and requiring Chinese to carry identification cards. In
1892 the act is extended for another 10 years.
- 1883
- 1888
- Congress passes the Scott
Act prohibiting resident Chinese laborers who leave the united
States from returning unless they have family in the country.
- 1890
- In the Battle of Wounded Knee, U.S. troops kill 200 Dakota Indian men,
women, and children in the last conflict of the so-called "Indian
Wars."
- In Mississippi, a state constitutional convention meets to write a
suffrage amendment, including a poll tax and a literacy test designed
-successfully- to exclude African Americans from voting. South Carolina
follows suit in 1895, Louisiana in 1898. By 1910, African Americans are
effectively barred from voting by constitutional provisions in North
Carolina, Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Oklahoma as well.
- The Woman Suffrage Amendment is introduced in Congress for the first
time but defeated.
- Treaty with China allows unrestricted immigration of Chinese into the
country, primarily as laborers on railroads in the West
- 1892
- Congress passes the Chinese
Exclusion Act prohibiting further Chinese immigration into the
United States for ten years.
- 1896
- The Supreme Court, in Plessy
v. Ferguson, rules that state laws requiring separation of the races
are within the bounds of the Constitution as long as equal
accommodations are made for African Americans, thus establishing the
"separate but equal" doctrine that justifies legal segregation
in the South. Justice John Harlan, in lone dissent, says Constitution is
"colorblind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among
citizens."
- 1900
- Lynching has become virtually a fact of life as a means for
intimidating African Americans. Between 1886 and 1900, there are more
than 2,500 lynchings in the nation, the vast majority in the Deep South.
In the first year of the new century, more than 100 African Americans
are lynched, and by World War I, more than 1100.
- 1909
- 1910
- The Mexican Revolution brings an influx of immigrants to the United
States looking for work.
- 1912
- The Mexican ambassador formally protests the mistreatment of Mexicans
in the United States, citing a number of brutal lynchings and murders.
- 1916
- Rep. Jeannette Rankin (R-Mont.) Becomes first woman elected to
Congress.
- 1917
- The Jones Act grants full citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gives them
the right to travel freely to the continental United States. However,
because Puerto Rico is not a state, like citizens in the District of
Columbia, Puerto Ricans are represented in Congress by a delegate with
only limited powers and are unrepresented in the Senate.
- 1920
- 1922
- In Ozawa
v. United States, the Supreme Court denies Japanese residents
the right to naturalization because they are "ineligible for
citizenship," as are foreign-born Chinese.
- In Congress, the Cable Act declares that " any woman citizen who
marries an alien ineligible to citizenship, shall cease to be a
citizen."
- 1924
- After 10,000 Native American soldiers in World War I, Congress passes
the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, granting American citizenship to
Native Americans. Several Indian nations, including the Hopi and the
Iroquois, decline citizenship in favor of retaining sovereign
nationhood.
- 1928
- 1930
- 1939
- African American contralto, Marian
Anderson, barred by the Daughters of the American Revolution from
singing in Washington D.C.'s Constitution Hall, sings instead to a crowd
of 75,000 people at Lincoln Memorial.
- The Legal Defense Fund established as the legislative arm of the
NAACP. A year later the two become separate organizations.
- 1941
- 1942
- U.S. government places in barbed wire encircled "relocation
camps" some 110,000 Japanese Americans. Guards are ordered to
shoot anyone seeking to leave.
- The Bracero
Program, created under a joint U.S.-Mexico agreement, permits
Mexican nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a temporary
basis and at wages lower than domestic workers.
- 1943
- Congress, seeking to reward China for becoming an ally in the war
against Germany and Japan, repeals all previous Asian
Exclusion Acts and establishes an annual quota of 105 Chinese émigrés
to the United States each year.
- 1947
- Jackie Robinson becomes first African American to play major league
baseball.
- 1948
- 1952
- Tuskegee Institute reports that, for the first time in the 71 years it
has been keeping records, there were no lynchings of African Americans
during the year.
- 1954
- In Brown
v. Board of Education, the decision widely regarded as having
sparked the modern civil rights era, the Supreme Court rules deliberate
public school segregation illegal, effectively overturning
"separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy
v. Ferguson. Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing for a unanimous
Court, notes that to segregate children by race "generates a
feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may
affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone."
Thurgood
Marshall heads the NAACP/Legal Defense Fund team winning the ruling.
- Hernandez
v. Texas becomes the first Mexican American discrimination case to
reach the Supreme Court. The case involves a murder conviction by a jury
that includes no Latinos. Chief Justice Earl Warren holds persons of
Mexican descent are "persons of a distinct class" entitled to
the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment.
- Other Chronologies
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| Newsweek |
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Tuesday, April 1
Barbara Grutter v. Lee Bollinger, et al.
No. 02-241
Subject:
Question:
- Does the University of Michigan Law School's use of racial preferences
in student admissions violate the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment, Title
VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. § 2000d), or 42
U.S.C. § 1981?
- Should an appellate court required to apply strict scrutiny to
governmental race-based preferences review de novo the district
court's findings because the fact issues are "constitutional"?
Decisions:
Resources:
Briefs:
Parties
- Petitioner (Petition) [PDF]
[TEXT]
- Respondent Bollinger, et al. - Opposition (Petition) [PDF]
[TEXT]
- Petitioner - Reply (Petition) [PDF]
Amicus - Petitioner
- Center for Equal Opportunity, et al. (Petition) [PDF]
- Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence (Petition) [PDF]
- Pacific Legal Foundation (Petition) [PDF]
- Center for the Advancement of Capitalism (Merits) [PDF]
- Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence (Merits) [PDF]
- United States (Merits) [PDF]
[TEXT]
[RTF]
Jennifer Gratz, et al. v. Lee Bollinger, et al.
No. 02-516
Subject:
Question:
Decisions:
- U.S.
District Court - Eastern District of Michigan, Opinion, Filed:
February 26, 2001
- U.S.
District Court - Eastern District of Michigan, Order, Filed: February
26, 2001
- U.S. Court of
Appeals - 6th Circuit, Order affirming stay of injunction, Filed:
November 16, 2001
- United
States Supreme Court, Cert. Before Judgment Granted: December 2, 2002
Resources:
Briefs:
Parties:
- Petitioners (Petition) [PDF]
- Respondents - Conditional Opposition (Petition) [PDF]
- Petitioners - Reply (Petition) [PDF]
Amicus - Petitioner
- Center for the Advancement of Capitalism (Merits) [PDF]
- Claremont Institute Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence (Merits) [PDF]
- Pacific Legal Foundation (Merits) [PDF]
- United States (Merits) [PDF]
[TEXT]
[RTF]
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